Media Contributed by Rick
Tomb of Caliph Abd al-Malik at Bab Al-Saghir Cemetery, Damascus
Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik cropped - Umayyad Caliph 'Abd al-Malik: 'Caliphal Image solidus' or Standing Caliph solidus struck from 74-77 AH. Based on Byzantine numismatic traditions. Note that, contrary to popular belief, there are official representations of the human figure in the Islamic context.
Geometric construction used by Hipparchus In Almagest V, 11, Ptolemy writes: Now Hipparchus made such an examination principally from the sun. Since from other properties of the sun and moon (of which a study will be made below) it follows that if the distance of one of the two luminaries is given, the distance of the other is also given, he tries by conjecturing the distance of the sun to demonstrate the distance of the moon. First, he assumes the sun to show the least perceptible parallax to find its distance. After this, he makes use of the solar eclipse adduced by him, first as if the sun shows no perceptible parallax, and for exactly that reason the ratios of the moon's distances appeared different to him for each of the hypotheses he set out. But with respect to the sun, not only the amount of its parallax, but also whether it shows any parallax at all is altogether doubtful.
Cathedral of Toledo The Cathedral of Toledo was a translation center in the 12th century
Ptolemy with an armillary sphere model by Joos van Ghent and Pedro Berruguete, 1476, Louvre, Paris
Ptolemy The mathematician Claudius Ptolemy 'the Alexandrian', as depicted by a 16th-century engraving
Ptolemy cropped
online version at Wikipedia" title="Click to enlarge" />