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RickStudent, Philosopher, Writer, Developer
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Royal monogram of Louis Bonaparte
Photo Credit: By Glasshouse image includes elements taken or adapted from: Heraldic Royal Crown (Common).svg (by Heralder). - Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Marques & Monogrammes (1893), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13273764
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Kingdom of Holland (1807)
Photo Credit: By Joostik, Magog the Ogre - This file has been extracted from another file, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=113969938
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cropped Flag of Holland
Photo Credit: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=363168
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Louis Bonaparte
Photo Credit: By Charles Howard Hodges - Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1228555
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The arrest of Pius VII
Photo Credit: By Benoit Lhoest - This file was derived from: Pie VII Arrestation par le Général Radet.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62722149
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Pope Pius VII presided over the Coronation of Napoleon I
Photo Credit: By Jacques-Louis David - Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=546742
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Flag of Vatican City
Photo Credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=433232
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Allegory of the Concordat of 1801
Photo Credit: By Pierre Joseph Célestin François - Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20298403
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birthplace of Pius VII
Photo Credit: By Sailko - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28525927
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Pope Pius VII
Photo Credit: By Jacques-Louis David - Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=150023
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Villa Rufinella — Villa Rufinella is situated highest of the villas on the hill above the town of Frascati. It was built by Alessandro Ruffini, bishop of Melfi, in 1578, but during its history, the proprietors have made changes in different parts of it. In 1773 the villa became property of the pope. Architect Luigi Vanvitelli, commissioned by the Jesuits, gave the building its present appearance.[1] In 1804 Pope Pius VII sold the Villa to prince Lucien Bonaparte during his self-imposed exile in Rome.
Photo Credit: By R Clemens at the English-language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4725832
Villa Rufinella Villa Rufinella is situated highest of the villas on the hill above the town of Frascati. It was built by Alessandro Ruffini, bishop of Melfi, in 1578, but during its history, the proprietors have made changes in different parts of it. In 1773 the villa became property of the pope. Architect Luigi Vanvitelli, commissioned by the Jesuits, gave the building its present appearance.[1] In 1804 Pope Pius VII sold the Villa to prince Lucien Bonaparte during his self-imposed exile in Rome.